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The Neuroscience of Racism & Inclusion

• Research: Toward Transformer-Based NLP for ExtractingPsychosocial Indicators of Moral Disengagement. First line: "Moral disengagement is a mechanism whereby people distance or disconnect their actions from their moral evaluation."

• Research: Racial bias in neural response to others' pain is reduced with other-race contact. First line: "Observing the pain of others has been shown to elicit greater activation in sensory and emotional areas of the brain suggested to represent a neural marker of empathy."

• Research: Identity, homophily and in-group bias. First line: "Many instances of social interaction display either or both of the following well-documented phenomena. People tend to interact with similar others (homophily)."

• Research: Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. First line: "A neuroimaging study examined the neural correlates of social exclusion and tested the hypothesis that the brain bases of social pain are similar to those of physical pain."

• Research: Fear, helplessness, and horror—if it does not stop. First line: "War psychiatry has served as the backbone of our current understanding of the impact of psycho-trauma. The First World War confronted the world with an invalidating phenotype that has since then seen itself represented with different names, of which shell shock is probably best known."

• Research: When I think about me and simulate you: Medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes. First line: "While neuroimaging studies implicate medial rostral prefrontal cortex (mrPFC) in self-referential processing, simulation accounts of social cognition suggest that this region also supports thinking about other people."

• Research: Inferences about mental states. First line: "Human social cognition relies on an ability to predict what others will think, feel or do in novel situations."

• Research: Human Face-Selective Cortex Does Not Distinguish between Members of a Racial Outgroup. First line: "People often fail to individuate members of social outgroups, a phenomenon known as the outgroup homogeneity effect."

• Research: A Strategy for Mindreading Similar but Not Dissimilar Others? First line: "...Studies have demonstrated that people more strongly engage in simulation for individuals to whom they feel more similar, such that people assume that the self is like more similar others (and unlike more dissimilar others) even in attitudes that are irrelevant to reasons for perceiving similarity (e.g., group membership)."

• Research: Different neural systems for the recognition of animals and man-made tools. First line: "Using positron emission tomography, we mapped brain activity in normal volunteers during the recognition of visual stimuli representing living (animals) and non-living (artefacts) entities."

• Research: Common Brain Regions with Distinct Patterns of Neural Responses during Mentalizing about Groups and Individuals. First line: "An individual has a mind; a group does not. Yet humans routinely endow groups with mental states irreducible to any of their members (e.g., “scientists hope to understand every aspect of nature”). But are these mental states categorically similar to those we attribute to individuals?"

• Research: Theories of Person Perception Predict Patterns of Neural Activity During Mentalizing. First line: "Social life requires making inferences about other people. What information do perceivers spontaneously draw upon to make such inferences?"

• Research: Positive Associations Among Interpersonal Contact, Motivation, and Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Gay Men. First line: "A correlational study explored the role of intergroup contact and motivation to respond without prejudice on heterosexuals' expression of explicit and implicit (unconscious) bias against gay men."

• Research: Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. First line: "Two studies tested the conditions under which social environments can undermine automatic gender stereotypic beliefs expressed by women."

• Book: White Fragility by Robin Diangelo. First line: "I am a white woman. I am standing beside a black woman. We are facing a group of white people seated in front of us."

• Book: Privilege, Power, and Difference. First line: "It isn't news that a great deal of trouble surrounds issues of privilege's, power, and difference..."

• Movie: 13th - Documentary about the monetization of slavery in America.

• Video: Ritu Bhasin - Why Embodiment is the Key to Interrupting Racism.

• Video: Ritu Bhasin - What Happens in Our Brains When We Engage in Unconscious Bias

• Video: Terry Real - On Grandiosity and Shame

• Video: Your Brain at Work - On the history of bias

• Video: Nancy Michael - The Neuroscience of Implicit Bias